Adverse Drug Reactions
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are types of adverse drug events (ADEs). ADEs include ADRs, medication errors, and other drug-related problems. ADEs are the negative
Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA)
Failure Mode Effects Analysis provides for an evaluation of potential failure modes for processes and their likely effect on outcomes
Dosage Forms
As pure compounds, drugs are usually solid substances (amorphous or crystalline) or, in rare cases, liquids. Drugs are combined with
Buffered Solutions & Buffer Capacity
A buffered solution is one that resists changes in its pH when small amounts of acid or base are added,
pH of Pharmaceutical Systems
The pH of body fluids ranges between 1 and approximately 8. The stomach is the most acidic region of the
Bioequivalence
An extension of the concept of relative bioavailability, which essentially involves comparing the total amounts of a particular drug that
Absolute and Relative Bioavailability Definitions
Absolute Bioavailability The absolute bioavailability of a given drug from a dosage form is the fraction (or percentage) of the
Disintegrants
Disintegrants are required to break up capsules, tablets and granules into primary powder particles in order to increase the surface
Molecularity
Molecularity is the number of molecules involved in forming the product. This follows from the balanced (stoichiometric) equation describing the